The Church is the Pillar and Foundation of Truth
The universal Christian religion; also known as the Catholic faith can be proven by historical evidence as the true faith of Jesus Christ who founded the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church.
Since it’s inception on the day of Pentecost, it’s founder, Jesus Christ, has been it’s center. The story of Sacred Scripture is that of Jesus Christ, the Word Incarnate.
“ In the beginning[b] was the Word,
and the Word was with God,and the Word was God.
2 He was in the beginning with God.
3 [c]All things came to be through him,
and without him nothing came to be.
What came to be through him was life,
and this life was the light of the human race;
5 [d]the light shines in the darkness,
and the darkness has not overcome it.” (John 1:1-5)
and made his dwelling among us,
and we saw his glory,
the glory as of the Father’s only Son,
full of grace and truth.”(John 1:14)
- 1:1–18 The prologue states the main themes of the gospel: life, light, truth, the world, testimony, and the preexistence of Jesus Christ, the incarnate Logos, who reveals God the Father. In origin, it was probably an early Christian hymn. Its closest parallel is in other christological hymns, Col 1:15–20 and Phil 2:6–11. Its core (Jn 1:1–5, 10–11, 14) is poetic in structure, with short phrases linked by “staircase parallelism,” in which the last word of one phrase becomes the first word of the next. Prose inserts (at least Jn 1:6–8, 15) deal with John the Baptist.
- 1:1 In the beginning: also the first words of the Old Testament (Gn 1:1). Was: this verb is used three times with different meanings in this verse: existence, relationship, and predication. The Word (Greek logos): this term combines God’s dynamic, creative word (Genesis), personified preexistent Wisdom as the instrument of God’s creative activity (Proverbs), and the ultimate intelligibility of reality (Hellenistic philosophy). With God: the Greek preposition here connotes communication with another. Was God: lack of a definite article with “God” in Greek signifies predication rather than identification.
- 1:3 What came to be: while the oldest manuscripts have no punctuation here, the corrector of Bodmer Papyrus P75, some manuscripts, and the Ante-Nicene Fathers take this phrase with what follows, as staircase parallelism. Connection with Jn 1:3 reflects fourth-century anti-Arianism.
- 1:5 The ethical dualism of light and darkness is paralleled in intertestamental literature and in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Overcome: “comprehend” is another possible translation, but cf. Jn 12:35; Wis 7:29–30.
- 1:6 John was sent just as Jesus was “sent” (Jn 4:34) in divine mission. Other references to John the Baptist in this gospel emphasize the differences between them and John’s subordinate role.
- 1:7 Testimony: the testimony theme of John is introduced, which portrays Jesus as if on trial throughout his ministry. All testify to Jesus: John the Baptist, the Samaritan woman, scripture, his works, the crowds, the Spirit, and his disciples.
- 1:11 What was his own…his own people: first a neuter, literally, “his own property/possession” (probably = Israel), then a masculine, “his own people” (the Israelites).
- 1:13 Believers in Jesus become children of God not through any of the three natural causes mentioned but through God who is the immediate cause of the new spiritual life. Were born: the Greek verb can mean “begotten” (by a male) or “born” (from a female or of parents). The variant “he who was begotten,” asserting Jesus’ virginal conception, is weakly attested in Old Latin and Syriac versions.
- 1:14 Flesh: the whole person, used probably against docetic tendencies (cf. 1 Jn 4:2; 2 Jn 7). Made his dwelling: literally, “pitched his tent/tabernacle.” Cf. the tabernacle or tent of meeting that was the place of God’s presence among his people (Ex 25:8–9). The incarnate Word is the new mode of God’s presence among his people. The Greek verb has the same consonants as the Aramaic word for God’s presence (Shekinah). Glory: God’s visible manifestation of majesty in power, which once filled the tabernacle (Ex 40:34) and the temple (1 Kgs 8:10–11, 27), is now centered in Jesus. Only Son: Greek, monogenēs, but see note on Jn 1:18. Grace and truth: these words may represent two Old Testament terms describing Yahweh in covenant relationship with Israel (cf. Ex 34:6), thus God’s “love” and “fidelity.” The Word shares Yahweh’s covenant qualities.”(New American Bible (Revised Edition) (NABRE).
- In addition to Sacred Scripture, as Catholics, we have Sacred Tradition. There have been numerous Church Councils; 21 if we include Vatican II.
1. St Peter; martyr; 42-67
2. St Linus, of Tuscia (Volterra?); martyr; 67-78
3. St Anacletus I, of Rome; martyr; 78-90 (?)
4. St Clement I, of the Roman Flavian gens; martyr; 90-99 (?)
5. St Evaristus, of Greece (or of Bethlehem); martyr; 99-105 (?)
6. St Alexander I, of Rome; martyr; 105-115 (?)
7. St Sixtus I, of Rome; martyr; 115-125 (?)
8. St Telesphorus, of Greece; martyr; 125-136 (?)
9. St Iginus, of Greece; martyr; 136-140 (?)
10. St Pius I, of Italy; martyr; 140-155 (?)
11. St Anicetus, of Syria; martyr; 155-166 (?)
12. St Soter, of Campania (Fundi?);martyr; 166-175 (?)
13. St Eleutherus, of Epirus(Nicopolis?); martyr; 175-189
14. St Victor I, of Africa; martyr; 189-199
15. St Zephyrinus, of Rome; martyr; 199-217
16. St Calixtus, of Rome; martyr; 217-222
[Hippolytus, 217-235]
17. St Urban I, of Rome; martyr; 222-230
18. St Pontianus, of Rome; martyr; 21 July 230-28 Sept 235
19. St Anterus, of Greece; martyr; 21 Nov 235-3 Jan 236
20. St Fabian, of Rome; martyr; 10 Jan 236-20 Jan 250
21. St Cornelius, of Rome; martyr; March 251-June 253
[Novatian, 251-258]
22. St Lucius I, of Rome; martyr; 25 June 253-5 March 254
23. St Stephen I, of Rome; martyr; 12 May 254-2 Aug 257
24. St Sixtus II, of Greece (?); martyr; 30 Aug 257-6 Aug 258
25. St Dionysius, of Magna Graecia (?); martyr; 22 July 259-26 Dec 268
26. St Felix I, of Rome; martyr; 5 Jan 269-30 Dec 274
27. St Eutychianus, of Luni; martyr; 4 Jan 275-7 Dec 283
28. St Gaius, of Dalmatia (Salona?); martyr; 17 Dec 283-22 April 296
29. St Marcellinus, of Rome; martyr; 30 June 296-25 Oct 304
30. St Marcellus I, of Rome; martyr; 27 May 308-16 Jan 309
31. St Eusebius, of Greece; martyr; 18 April 309-17 Aug 309 or 310
32. St Melchiades or Miltiades, of Africa; martyr; 2 July 311-11 Jan 314
33. St Sylvester I, of Rome; 31 Jan 314-31 Dec 335
34. St Mark, of Rome; 18 Jan 336-7 Oct 336
35. St Julius I, of Rome; 6 Feb 337-12 April 352
36. Liberius, of Rome; 17 May 352-22 Sept 366
[St Felix II, 355-22 Nov 365]
37. St Damasus I, of Spain; 1 Oct 366-11 Dec 384
[Ursinus, 366-367]
38. St Siricius, of Rome; 15 Dec 384-26 Nov 399
39. St Anastasius I, of Rome; 27 Nov 399-19 Dec 401
40. St Innocent I, of Albano; 22 Dec 401-12 March 417
41. St Zosimus, of Greece; 18 March 417-26 Dec 418
42. St Boniface I, of Rome; 29 Dec 418-4 Sept 422
[Eulalius, 27 Dec 418-3 April 419]
43. St Caelestinus I, of Campania; 10 Sept 422-27 July 432
44. St Sixtus III, of Rome; 3 July (?) 432-19 Aug 440
45. St Leo I the Great, of Tusculum; 29 Sept 440-10 Nov 461
46. St Hilarius, of Sardinia; 19 Nov 461-29 Feb 468
47. St Simplicius, of Tivoli; 3 March 468-10 March 483
48. St Felix III (II), of Rome, of the gens Anicia; 13 March 483-1 March 492
49. St Gelasius I, of Africa; 1 March 492-21 Nov 496
50. St Anastasius II, of Rome; 24 Nov 496-19 Nov 498
51. St Symmachus, of Sardinia; 22 Nov 498-19 July 514
[Laurentius, Nov 498-505]
52. St Hormisdas, of Frosinone; 20 July 514-6 Aug 523
53. St John I, of Tusculum; martyr; 13 Aug 523-18 May 526. Died at Ravenna
54. St Felix IV (III), of Samnium (Benevento?); 12 July 526-22 Sept 530
55. Boniface II, of Rome; 22 Sept 530-7 Oct 532
[Dioscurus, 22 Sept 530-14 Oct 530]
56. John II, of Rome; 2 Jan 533-8 May 535
57. St Agapitus I, of Rome; 13 May 535-22 April 536. Died at Constantinople
58. St Silverius, of Frosinone; martyr; 8 June 536-deposed 11 March 537. Died in exile on the island of Ponza 538 (?)
59. Vigilius, of Rome; June 538 (?)-7 June 555 (but elected 29 March 537). Died at Syracuse
60. Pelagius I, of Rome; 16 April 556-4 March 561
61. John III, of Rome; 17 July 561-13 July 574
62. Benedict I, of Rome; 2 June 575-30 July 579
63. Pelagius II, of Rome; 26 Nov 579-7 Feb 590
64. St Gregory I the Great, of Rome, of the gens Anicia; 3 Sept 590-13 March 604
65. Sabinianus, of Tusculum; 13 Sept 604-22 Feb 606
66. Boniface III, of Rome; 19 Feb 607-12 Nov 607
67. St Boniface IV, of Valeria de’ Marsi; 25 Aug 608-8 May 615
68. St Deusdedit I, of Rome; 19 Oct 615-8 Nov 618
69. Boniface V, of Naples; 23 Dec 619-25 Oct 625
70. Honorius I, of Campania; 27 Oct 625-12 Oct 638
71. Severinus, of Rome; 28 May 640-2 Aug 640
72. John IV, of Dalmatia; 24 Dec 640-12 Oct 642
73. Theodore I, of Jerusalem (? Or Greece); 24 Nov 642-14 May 649
74. St Martin I, of Todi; martyr; 21 July 649-exiled 18 June 653-16 Sept 655. Died at Sebastopol
75. St Eugenius I, of Rome; 16 Sept 655-2 June 657
76. St Vitalian, of Segni; 30 July 657-27 Jan 672
77. Deusdedit II, of Rome; 11 April 672-17 June 676
78. Donus, of Rome; 2 Nov 676-11 April 678
79. St Agatho, of Sicily; 27 June 678-10 Jan 681
80. St Leo II, of Sicily; 17 Aug 682-3 July 683
81. St Benedict II, of Rome; 26 June 684-8 May 685
82. John V, of Antioch; 23 July 685-2 Aug 686
83. Conon, of Thrace; 21 Oct 686-21 Sept 687
[Theodore, 22 Sept 687-Oct 687]
[Paschal, 687]
84. St Sergius I, of Palermo; 15 Dec 687-8 Sept 701
85. John VI, of Greece; 30 Oct 701-11 Jan 705
86. John VII, of Greece; 1 March 705-18 Oct 707
87. Sisinnius, of Syria; 15 Jan 708-4 Feb 708
88. Constantine, of Syria; 25 March 708-9 April 715
89. St Gregory II, of Rome; 19 May 715-11 Feb 731
90. St Gregory III, of Syria; 18 March 731-10 Dec 741
91. St Zacharias, of Greece; 10 Dec 741-22 March 752
92. Stephen II, of Rome; 23 March 752-25 March 752
93. St Stephen III, of Rome; 26 March 752-26 April 757
94. St Paul I, of Rome; 29 May 757- 28 June 767
[Constantine II, 5 July 767-murdered 769]
[Philip, elected 31 July 768-abdicated 768]
95. Stephen IV, of Sicily; 7 Aug 768-3 Feb 772
96. Hadrian I, of Rome; 9 Feb 772-26 Dec 795
97. St Leo III, of Rome; 27 Dec 795-12 June 816
98. St Stephen V, of Rome; 22 June 816-14 Jan 817
99. St Paschal I, of Rome; 25 Jan 817-11 Feb 824
100. Eugenius II, of Rome; 21 Feb 824-27 Aug 827
101. Valentine, of Rome; Aug (?) 827- Sept (?) 827
102. Gregory IV, of Rome; Oct 827-25 Jan 844
103. Sergius II, of Rome; Jan 844-27 Jan 847
[John, 844]
104. St Leo IV, of Rome; 10 April 847-17 July 855
105. St Benedict III, of Rome; 6 Oct 855-17 April 858
[Anastasius, 29 Sept 855-20 Oct 855]
106. St Nicholas I the Great, of Rome; 24 April 858-13 Nov 867
107. Hadrian II, of Rome; 14 Dec 867-14 Dec 872
108. John VIII, of Rome, 14 Dec 872-16 Dec 882
109. Marinus I (Martin II) of Gallesium; 16 Dec 882-15 May 884
110. St Hadrian III, of Rome; 17 May 884-17 Sept 885
111. Stephen VI, of Rome; Sept 885-Sept 891
112. Formosus, bishop of Porto; 6 Oct 891-4 April 896
113. Boniface VI, of Gallesium; April 896
114. Stephen VII, of Rome; May 896-Aug 897. Strangled in prison
115. Romanus, of Gallesium; Aug 897-end of Nov 897
116. Theodore II, of Rome; Dec 897
117. John IX, of Tivoli; Jan 898-Jan 900
118. Benedict IV, of Rome; Jan 900-end July 903
119. Leo V, of Ardea; end of July 903-Sept 903. Deposed and imprisoned
[Christopher, of Rome; 903, deposed in Jan 904]
120. Sergius III, of Rome; 29 Jan 904-14 April 911
121. Anastasius III, of Rome; April 911-June 913
122. Lando, of Sabina; end of July 913-Feb 914
123. John X, of Ravenna; March 914-May 928. Strangled in prison
124. Leo VI, of Rome; May 928-Dec 928
125. Stephen VIII, of Rome; Jan 929-Feb 931
126. John XI, of Rome; son of Pope Sergius III and Marozia; March 931-Dec 935. Died in prison
127. Leo VII; 3 (?) Jan 936-13 (?) July 939
128. Stephen IX, of Germany (?); 14 (?) July 939-end of Oct 942
129. Marinus II (Martin III), of Rome; 30 (?) Oct 942-May 946
130. Agapitus II, of Rome; 10 May 946-Dec 955
131. John XII, Ottaviano, of the family of the Counts of Tusculum, aged 19; 16 (?) Dec 955-deposed 14th May 964
132. Leo VIII, of Rome, 4 Nov 963-1 March 965
133. Benedict V, Grammatico, of Rome; 22 (?) May 964-expelled from the pontifical see 23 June 964; died at Bremen 4 July 966
134. John XIII, of Rome; 1 Oct 965-5 Sept 972
135. Benedict VI, of Rome; 19 Jan 973-June 974. Strangled in prison
[Boniface VII, Francone, of Rome; June-July 974 for the first time]
136. Benedict VII, of the family of the Counts of Tusculum, of Rome; Oct 974-10 July 983
137. John XIV, of Pavia; Dec 983-20 Aug 984; killed by Francone (Boniface VII)
[Boniface VII, Francone; for the second time, Aug 984-murdered July 985]
138. John XV, of Rome; Aug 985-March 996
139. Gregory V, Bruno, of the family of the Counts of Carinthia; 3 May 996-18 Feb 999
[John XVI, John Philagathus, of Greece; March 997-Feb 998]
140. Sylvester II, Gerbert of Aurillac, Auvergne; 2 April 999-12 May 1003
141. John XVII, Sicco, of Rome; June (?) 1003-6 Nov 1003
142. John XVIII, of Rapagnano; Jan (?) 1004-July (?) 1009
143. Sergius IV, of Rome; 31 July 1009-12 May 1012
144. Benedict VIII, John, of the family of the Counts of Tusculum, of Rome; 18 May 1012-9 April 1024
[Gregory, 1012]
145. John XIX, of Rome, brother of Benedict VIII; April 1024-1032
146. Benedict IX, Theophylact, of the family of the Counts of Tusculum; elected (aged 15) for the first time in 1032-deposed in Dec 1044; elected for the second time 10 March 1045-deposed 1 May 1045; elected for the third time 8 Nov 1047- deposed 17 July 1048 Source Blue Guide Rome 10
147. Sylvester III, John, bishop of Sabina; 20 Jan 1045-deposed 11 March 1045
148. Gregory VI, Gratian, of Rome; 5 May 1045-banished 20 Dec 1046; died 1047
149. Clement II, Suidger, bishop of Bamberg; 25 Dec 1046-died at Pesaro 9 Oct 1047
150. Damasus II, Poppo, bishop of Bressanone, of Bavaria; 17 July 1048-9 Aug 1048. Died at Palestrina
151. St Leo IX, Bruno, of Germany, bishop of Toul; 12 Feb 1049-19 April 1054
152. Victor II, Gebhard, of Germany, bishop of Eichstätt; 16 April 1055-28 July 1057. Died at Arezzo
153. Stephen X, Frédéric, of the family of the Dukes of Lorraine; 3 Aug 1057-29 March 1058
[Benedict X, of Rome; 5 April 1058-deposed 24 Jan 1059]
154. Nicholas II, Gérard de Bourgogne; 24 Jan 1059-27 (?) July 1061
155. Alexander II, Anselmo of Milan; 30 Sept 1061-21 April 1073
[Honorius II, appointed by Imperial Diet of Basle 1061-1072]
156. St Gregory VII, Hildebrand di Bonizio Aldobrandeschi, of Sovana; 22 April 1073-25 May 1085
[Clement III, Ghiberto; 25 Jan 1080-Sept 1100]
157. Bl. Victor III, Desiderio Epifani, of Benevento; elected 24 May 1086, consecrated 9 May 1087-16Sept 1087
158. Bl. Urban II, of Reims; 12 March 1088-29 July 1099
159. Paschal II, Rainiero, of Breda; 14 Aug 1099-21 Jan 1118
[Theodoric, Sept-Dec 1100]
[Albert, Feb-March 1102]
[Sylvester IV, 18 Nov 1105-12 April 1111]
160. Gelasius II, Giovanni Caetani, of Gaeta; 24 Jan 1118-28 Jan 1119
[Gregory VIII, Maurice Bourdain, of Limoges, 8 March 1118-deposed April 1121]
161. Calixtus II, Guy de Bourgogne, of Quingey; 2 Feb 1119-13 Dec 1124
162. Honorius II, Lamberto Scannabecchi, of Fanano (Modena); 15 Dec 1124-13 Feb 1130
163. Innocent II, Gregorio Papareschi, of Trastevere; 14 Feb 1130-24 Sept 1143
[Anacletus II, Pierleone, a converted Jew; 14 Feb 1130-25 Jan 1138]
[Victor IV, Gregorio da Monticelli, elected 15 March 1138, abdicated 29 May 1138]
164. Celestine II, Guido, of Città di Castello; 26 Sept 1143-8 March 1144
165. Lucius II, Gerardo Caccianemici dell’Orso, of Bologna; 12 March 1144-15 Feb 1145
166. Bl. Eugenius III, Bernardo Paganelli, of Montemagno (Pisa); 15 Feb 1145-8 July 1153
167. Anastasius IV, Corrado, of the Suburra, Rome; 12 July 1153-3 Dec 1154
168. Hadrian IV, Nicholas Breakspear, of Abbot’s Langley (Hertfordshire, England); 4 Dec 1154-1 Sept 1159. Died at Anagni
169. Alexander III, Rolando Bandinelli, of Siena; 7 Sept 1159-30 Aug 1181. Died at Civita Castellana
[Victor IV (V), Ottaviano; 7 Oct 1159-20 April 1164]
[Paschal III, Guido da Crema; 22 April 1164-20 Sept 1168]
[Calixtus III, John of Strumio, a Hungarian, Sept 1168, abdicated 29 Aug 1178]
[Innocent III, Lando Frangipane of Sezze, elected 29 Sept 1179, deposed in Jan 1180]
170. Lucius III, Ubaldo Allucingoli, of Lucca; 1 Sept 1181-25 Nov 1185. Died in exile at Verona
171. Urban III, Uberto Crivelli, of Milan; 25 Nov 1185-20 Oct 1187. Died at Ferrara
172. Gregory VIII, Alberto di Morra, of Benevento; 21 Oct 1187-17 Dec 1187
173. Clement III, Paolino Scolare, of Rome; 19 Dec 1187-Mar 1191
174. Celestine III, Giacinto Bobone Orsini, of Rome; 30 March 1191-8 Jan 1198
175. Innocent III, Lotario dei Conti di Segni, of Anagni; 8 Jan 1198-16 July 1216. Died at Perugia
176. Honorius III, Cencio Savelli, of Rome; elected in Perugia, 18 July 1216- died at Rome, 18 March 1227
177. Gregory IX, Ugolino dei Conti di Segni, of Anagni; elected at the age of 86; 19 March 1227-22 Aug 1241
178. Celestine IV, Castiglione, of Milan; 25 Oct 1241-10 Nov 1241
179. Innocent IV, Sinibaldo Fieschi of Genoa; 25 June 1243-7 Dec 1254. Died at Naples
180. Alexander IV, Orlando dei Conti di Segni, of Anagni; 12 Dec 1254-25 May 1261. Died at Viterbo
181. Urban IV, Hyacinthe Pantaléon, of Troyes; elected at Viterbo 29 Aug 1261; died at Perugia 2 Oct 1264
182. Clement IV, Gui Foulques Le Gros, of St-Gilles; elected at Viterbo 5 Feb 1265-died at Viterbo 29 Nov 1268
183. Gregory X, Teobaldo Visconti of Piacenza; elected at Viterbo 1 Sept 1271-died at Arezzo 10 Jan 1276
184. Innocent V, Pierre de Champagny, of the Tarentaise; 21 Jan 1276-22 June 1276
185. Hadrian V, Ottobono de’ Fieschi, of Genoa; elected at Rome 11 July 1276-18 Aug 1276
186. John XXI, Pedro Juliao, of Lisbon; elected at Viterbo 8 Sept 1276-20 May 1277
187. Nicholas III, Giov. Gaetano Orsini, of Rome; elected at Viterbo 25 Nov 1277-died at Soriano nel Cimino 22 Aug 1280
188. Martin IV, Simon de Brion, of Montpince in Brie; elected at Viterbo 22 Feb 1281-died at Perugia 28 March 1285
189. Honorius IV, Iacopo Savelli, of Rome; elected at Perugia 2 April 1285-3 April 1287
190. Nicholas IV, Girolamo Masci, of Lisciano di Ascoli; 15 Feb 1288-4 April 1292
191. St Celestine V, Pietro Angeleri da Morrone, of Isernia; 5 July 1294-abdicated 13 Dec 1294. Died in the Castello di Fumone near Alatri 19 May 1296
192. Boniface VIII, Benedetto Gaetani, of Anagni; 24 Dec 1294-11 or 12 Oct 1303
193. Bl. Benedict XI, Niccolò Boccasini, of Treviso; 22 Oct 1303-died at Perugia 7 July 1304
194. Clement V, Bertrand de Got, of Villandraut, near Bordeaux; elected at Perugia 5 June 1305-died at Roquemaure 14 April 1314
195. John XXII, Jacques d’Euse, of Cahors; elected at Avignon 7 Aug 1316-died at Avignon 4 Dec 1334
[Nicholas V, Pietro da Corvara, 12 May 1328-30 Aug 1330]
196. Benedict XII, Jacques Fournier, of Saverdun, near Toulouse; 20 Dec 1334-25 April 1342
197. Clement VI, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, of Château Maumont, near Limoges; 7 May 1342-6 Dec 1352
198. Innocent VI, Etienne d’Aubert, of Mont, near Limoges; 18 Dec 1352-12 Sept 1362
199. Urban V, Guillaume de Grimoard, of Grisac, near Mende in Languedoc; 16 Oct 1362-19 Dec 1370
200. Gregory XI, Pierre Roger de Beaufort, nephew of Clement VI, of Château Maumont, near Limoges; elected at Avignon 30 Dec 1370-died at Rome 27 March 1378
201. Urban VI, Bart. Prigano, of Naples; 9 April 1378-15 Oct 1389
202. Boniface IX, Pietro Tomacelli, of Naples; 2 Nov 1389-1 Oct 1404
203. Innocent VII, Cosimo de’ Migliorati, of Sulmona; 17 Oct 1404-6 Nov 1406.
204. Gregory XII, Angelo Correr, of Venice; 30 Nov 1406-abdicated 4 June 1415-died at Recanati 17 Oct 1417
Antipopes
Clement VII, Robert of Savoy, of Geneva; elected at Fondi 20 Sept 1378-16 Sept 1394
Benedict XIII, Pedro de Luna, of Aragon; 28 Sept 1394-23 May 1423
Clement VIII, Gil Sánchez Muñoz, of Barcelona; 10 June 1423-16 July 1429
Benedict XIV, Bernard Garnier; 12 Nov 1425-1430 (?)
Alexander V, Pietro Filargis, of Candia; 26 June 1409-3 May 1410
John XXIII, Baldassare Cossa, of Naples; 17 May 1410, deposed 29 May 1415-died at Florence 23 Dec 1419
205. Martin V, Oddone Colonna, of Genazzano; elected (aged 50) at Constance, 11 Nov 1417-20 Feb 1431
206. Eugenius IV, Gabriele Condulmero of Venice; elected (aged 48) 3 March 1431-23 Feb 1447
[Felix V, Amadeus, duke of Savoy; 5 Nov 1439-7 April 1449; died 1451 at the Château de Ripaille on the Lake of Geneva]
207. Nicholas V, Tommaso Parentucelli, of Sarzana; electe (aged 49) 6 March 1447-24 March 1455
208. Calixtus III, Alfonso Borgia, of Xativa, in Spain; elected (aged 78) 8 April 1455-6 Aug 1458
209. Pius II, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, of Corsignano (Pienza); elected (aged 53) 19 Aug 1458-15 Aug 1464
210. Paul II, Pietro Barbo, of Venice; elected (aged 48) 30 Aug 1464-26 July 1471
211. Sixtus IV, Fr. della Rovere, of Savona; elected (aged 57) 9 Aug 1471-12 Aug 1484
212. Innocent VIII, G. B. Cibo, of Genoa; elected (aged 52) 29 Aug 1484-25 July 1492
213. Alexander VI, Roderigo Lenzuoli-Borgia, of Valencia, Spain; elected (aged 62) 11 Aug 1492-18 Aug 1503
214. Pius III, Fr. Todeschini Piccolomini, of Siena; elected (aged 64) 22 Sept 1503-18 Oct 1503
215. Julius II, Giuliano della Rovere, of Savona; elected (aged 60) 31 Oct 1503-21 Feb 1513
216. Leo X, Giov. de’ Medici, of Florence; elected (aged 38) 9 March 1513-1 Dec 1521
217. Adrian VI, Adrian Florisz. Dedel, of Utrecht; elected (aged 63) 9 Jan 1522-14 Sept 1523
218. Clement VII. Giulio de’ Medici, of Florence; elected (aged 45) 19 Nov 1523-25 Sept 1534
219. Paul III, Aless. Farnese, of Camino (Rome) or of Viterbo (?), elected (aged 66) 13 Oct 1534-10 Nov 1549
220. Julius III, Giov. Maria Ciocchi del Monte, of Monte San Savino, near Arezzo; elected (aged 63) 7 Feb 1550-23 March 1555
221. Marcellus II, Marcello Cervini, of Montefano (Macerata); elected (aged 54) 9 April 1555-30 April 1555
222. Paul IV, Giov. Pietro Caraffa, of Capriglio, Avellino; elected (aged 79) 23 May 1555-18 Aug 1559
223. Pius IV, Giov. Angelo de’ Medici, of Milan; elected (aged 60) 26 Dec 1559-9 Dec 1565
224. St Pius V, Ant. Ghislieri, of Bosco Marengo, near Tortona; elected (aged 62) 7 Jan 1566-1 May 1572
225. Gregory XIII, Ugo Boncompagni, of Bologna; elected (aged 70) 13 May 1572-10 April 1585
226. Sixtus V, Felice Peretti, of Grottammare; elected (aged 64) 24 April 1585-27 Aug 1590
227. Urban VII, G.B. Castagna, of Rome; elected (aged 69) 15 Sept 1590-27 Sept 1590
228. Gregory XIV, Niccolò Sfondrati, of Cremona; elected (aged 55) 5 Dec 1590-15 Oct 1591
229. Innocent IX, G.A. Facchinetti, of Bologna; elected (aged 72) 29 Oct 1591-30 Dec 1591
230. Clement VIII, Ippolito Aldobrandini, of Fano; elected (aged 56) 30 Jan 1592-3 March 1605
231. Leo XI, Alessandro de’ Medici, of Florence; elected (aged 70) 1 April 1605-27 April 1605
232. Paul V, Camillo Borghese, of Rome; elected (aged 53) 16 May 1605-28 Jan 1621
233. Gregory XV, Alessandro Ludovisi, of Bologna; elected (aged 67) 9 Feb 1621-8 July 1623
234. Urban VIII, Maffeo Barberini, of Florence; elected (aged 55) 6 Aug 1623-29 July 1644
235. Innocent X, G.B. Pamphilj, of Rome; elected (aged 72) 15 Sept 1644-7 Jan 1655
236. Alexander VII, Fabio Chigi, of Siena; elected (aged 56) 7 April 1655-22 May 1667
237. Clement IX, Giulio Rospigliosi, of Pistoia; elected (aged 67) 20 June 1667-9 Dec 1669
238. Clement X, Emilio Altieri, of Rome; elected (aged 80) 29 April 1670-22 July 1676
239. Innocent XI, Benedetto Odescalchi, of Como; elected (aged 65) 21 Sept 1676-11 Aug 1689
240. Alexander VIII, Pietro Ottoboni, of Venice; elected (aged 79) 6 Oct 1689-1 Feb 1691
241. Innocent XII, Antonio Pignatelli, of Spinazzola (Bari); elected (aged 76) 12 July 1691-27 Sept 1700
242. Clement XI, Giovanni Franesco Albani, of Urbino; elected (aged 51) 23 Nov 1700-19 March 1721
243. Innocent XIII, Michelangelo Conti, of Rome; elected (aged 66) 8 May 1721-7 March 1724
244. Benedict XIII, Pietro Francesco Orsini, of Gravina (Bari); elected (aged 75) 29 May 1724-21 Feb 1730
245. Clement XII, Lorenzo Corsini, of Florence; elected (aged 79) 12 July 1730-6 Feb 1740
246. Benedict XIV, Prospero Lambertini, of Bologna; elected (aged 65) 17 Aug 1740-3 May 1758
247. Clement XIII, Carlo Rezzonico, of Venice; elected (aged 65) 6 July 1758-2 Feb 1769
248. Clement XIV, Giov. Vincenzo Ganganelli, of Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna (Forlì); elected (aged 64) 19 May 1769-22 Sept 1774
249. Pius VI, Angelo Braschi, of Cesena; elected (aged 58) 15 Feb 1775-29 Aug 1799. Died at Valence, France
250. Pius VII, Giorgio Barnaba Chiaramonti, of Cesena; elected (aged 58) at Venice; 14 March 1800-died at Rome, 20 Aug 1823
251. Leo XII, Annibale della Genga, born at La Genga, near Foligno; elected (aged 63) 28 Sept 1823-10Feb 1829
252. Pius VIII, Francesco Saverio Castiglioni, of Cingoli; elected (aged 69) 31 March 1829-30 Nov 1830
253. Gregory XVI, Bartolomeo Cappellari, of Belluno, elected (aged 66) 2 Feb 1831-1 June 1846
254. Pius IX, Giov. Maria Mastai Ferretti, of Senigallia; elected (aged 54) 16 June 1846-7 Feb 1878
255. Leo XIII, Gioacchino Pecci, of Carpineto Romano, elected (aged 68) 20 Feb 1878-20 July 1903
256. St Pius X, Giuseppe Sarto, of Riese (Treviso); elected (aged 68) 4 Aug 1903-20 Aug 1914
257. Benedict XV, Giacomo della Chiesa, of Genoa; elected (aged 60) 3 Sept 1914-22 Jan 1922
258. Pius XI, Achille Ratti, of Desio (Milan); elected (aged 65) 6 Feb 1922-10 Feb 1939
259. Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, of Rome; elected (aged 63) 2 March 1939-9 Oct 1958
260. John XXIII, Angelo Roncalli, of Sotto il Monte, Bergamo; elected (aged 77) 28 Oct 1958-3 June 1963 (canonised 2014)
261. Paul VI, Giov. Battista Montini, of Brescia; elected (aged 65) 21 June 1963-6 August 1978
262. John Paul I, Albino Luciani, of Forno di Canale, Belluno; elected (aged 65) 26 August 1978-29 September 1978
263. John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla, of Wadowice (Krakow), Poland; elected (aged 58) 16 October 1978–2 April 2005 (canonised 2014)
264. Benedict XVI, Joseph Ratzinger, of Markt am Inn (Passau), Germany; elected (aged 78) 19 April 2005 resigned 28 February 2013; held the title Pope Emeritus until his death in 2022
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